Perception Defined:
-the process of receiving information and making sense of the world around us
-deciding which info to notice
-how to categorize information
-how to interpret information within our existing knowledge framework
Selective Attention: see what you want vs. what is there (see Image 1 Below)-objects characteristics
-size, intensity, motion, repetition, novelty
-perceiver characteristics
-emotional marker process
-your expectations
-self-concept and beliefs
-Confirmation bias
-screen out information contrary to our beliefs/values
Perceptual Organization/Interpretation
-categorical thinking-stored in long term memory-an unconscious process of organizing people/things
-grouping principles: based on similarity/proximity & perceiving trends
-interpreting incoming information: emotional markers automatically evaluate information
Mental models are frameworks for the intake of data:
-broad world views or theories-in-use
-help us to quickly make sense of situations: fill in missing pieces and help to predict events
-problem with mental models: may block recognition of new opportunities/perspectives
Stereotyping
-Assigning traits to people based only on their membership in a social category. Can be both positive/negative trait
-Occurs because: it is easy thinking/innate drive to understand and anticipate others’ behavior/enhances our self-concept
Rules of Attribution (see image 2 below)
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Cycle (see image 3 below)
-effect is strongest at the beginning of the relationship
Possible Perceptual Errors
-halo effect: one trait forms a general impression (you went to my school, so you must be fantastic)
-primacy effect: first impressions
-recency effect: most recent information dominates perceptions (very dangerous in performance reviews)
-false-consensus effect: overestimate “everyone does it”
Strategies to Improve Perceptions:
1. Awareness of perceptual biases
2. Improving self-awareness: applying Johari Window
Johari Window(see image 4)
Developing a Learning Orientation
-value the generation of new knowledge
-reward experimentation
-recognize misstates as part of learning
-encourage employees to take reasonable risks
No comments:
Post a Comment